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41.
42.
论述了黄藤的壮苗培育和造林技术、藤林的经营采收技术及经营黄藤林经济效益。23°30’N以南为黄藤适生栽培区,年均温20~24.5℃,极端低温大于一2.8℃,15C活动积温大于5800℃;年降雨量大于1200mm。适宜的立地:林内相对光照强度大于50%,土壤润湿,表土有机质含量大于2%,全氮大于0.1%,全磷大于0.01%,pH4.4~6.7。在15℃条件下,保持种子在29%的安全含水率的湿藏法,能有效保持种子活力6个月。黄藤造林的综合技术质量指标:1年生苗木的合格苗叶片数大于4.O片,苗高大于25cm,壮苗叶片数大于5.O片,苗高大于35cm;8年生藤林成丛株数大于13.O株,12年生藤林原藤产量7000kg/hm2,速生丰产林平均成丛株数大于50株,总茎长大于100m/丛,采收量大于10000kg/hm2。本文还论述了黄藤的工艺成熟龄、采收间隔期、采收和经营方法以及经营黄藤林的经济效益。 相似文献
43.
A field study was conducted for six years (1981–1986) on sandy loam soil on intercropping hedgerows of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit. with three field crops viz. maize (Zea mays L), black gram (Vigna mungo L) and cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L Taub.). In treatments 1 and 2 Leucaena hedges were planted as pure crops at close (25 cm × 75 cm) and wide (25 cm × 375 cm) spacings. In treatments 3, 4 and 5 the
three field crops were intercropped between the hedgerows of Leucaena at the wide spacing, and in treatments 6, 7 and 8 the field crops were raised as pure crops. Leucaena was topped to 75 cm each time it attained a height of 175 cm.
The pure crop of Leucaena at close spacing produced an average, over the six years, of 34 t ha−1a−1 of green fodder and 9.4 t ha−1a−1 of air dry fuelwood. The Leucaena at wide spacing produced 18.9 t ha−1a−1 of green fodder and 6.3 t ha−1a−1 of fuelwood. Intercropping with field crops decreased the yield of green fodder and fuelwood. The yield of all the field
crops was less when raised as intercrops than as pure crops.
Mean maximum net returns were obtained from intercrops of Leucaena and cluster bean (Rs 3540 ha−1a−1) which were significantly higher than the returns from pure crop of Leucaena at wide spacing but similar to the returns from pure crops of cluster bean. Leucaena with maize (Rs 3273 ha−1a−1) and black gram (Rs 3125 ha−1a−1) gave significantly higher net returns over pure crops of Leucaena at wide spacing, maize and black gram.
ICRISAT = International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics- Hyderabad, India.
CIAT = Centro International de Agricultura Tropical - Cali - Columbia 相似文献
44.
本文对混种大豆的落叶松.大豆、水曲柳-大豆复合生态系统土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明,在一个生长季内混种后的土壤物理性质得到了改善。落叶松.大豆与水曲柳一大豆复合生态系统的土壤容重为1.112g/cm3和1.058g/cm3均低于相对应的纯林:混种大豆后土壤总孔隙度增加。两种林-豆复合生态系统土壤有机质分别比对应纯林高1.77倍和1.09倍:落叶松一大豆复合生态系统全氮和水解氮含量分别高于落叶松纯林4.2%和53.0/%,水曲柳-大豆复合生态系统全氮和水解氮含量分别高于水曲柳纯林75.5%和3.3%:混种大豆后全磷含量降低,而有效磷含量则增加:落叶松-大豆复合生态系统全钾和有效钾比落叶松纯林高0.6%和17.5%,水曲柳-大豆复合生态系统全钾和有效钾分别比水曲柳纯林高56.4%和21.8%。图1表3参27。 相似文献
45.
The success of many intercropping systems in North America is attributable to the generation of a short term return from an agricultural crop during the early, unprofitable years of a longer term crop that is fruit, nuts or wood. This highly-efficient use of land and related profitability are important not only in the development of intercropping systems per se, but also in other applications which have tremendous potential independent of profitability. For example, intercropping can be effectively used during the establishment phases of hardwood plantations where it is essential to have a high level of weed control, the costs of which are often recovered with the agricultural production. Intercropping can also be used to grow trees rapidly and with a form that can be easily integrated into recreational or park situations, or urban fringe areas. In an urban context, intercropping can be used to grow trees in agricultural areas that are likely to be developed where traditional forestry options are not appropriate and the value of younger, thrifty trees may enhance property values far in excess of the cash value of the wood. 相似文献
46.
Agroforestry systems in North America 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Agroforestry systems in North America vary widely in terms of components (tree, forb, graminoid, and shrub species) and outputs. Most of the agroforestry systems used in North America have emphasized wood and livestock production. The objective of each system has been to produce annual and long term economic returns and sustainable yields. Inputs such as fossil fuels, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are relatively low compared to those used in conventional agriculture.Major agroforestry system types in each of eight North American regions are described. The major species used as vegetational components in each system are enumerated by region. The numerous variations in how these components are mixed have created an almost endless number of actual systems. Management problems and solutions, economic concerns, and system comparisons have also been addressed for each region. 相似文献
47.
Previously published hypothesis concerning the potential impact of alley farming on maize yields are re-examined relative
to the humid regions of West Africa. When more realistic assumptions regarding the availability of organic nitrogen are used,
it is concluded that alley farming may have potential in a wider range of maize yield environments in West Africa than previously
proposed. A pragmatic approach to alley farming research is proposed, and the importance of on-farm research in the development
of ‘farmer friendly’ alley farming is stressed.
(Former Agronomist, International Livestock Centre for Africa, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria) 相似文献
48.
The effects of inter-row spacing of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit in an alley cropping system on the incidence and severity of rust (Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger) on intercropped beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and their yield were examined over 2 years (1993 and 1994) at Chepkoilel Campus in Kenya. Each experiment consisted of
three randomized blocks with treatments of three alley widths (2 m, 4 m and 8 m) and a treeless control with two intra-row
spacings of Leucaena (0.5 m and 1.0 m). Hedgerows were coppiced at 1.0 m height and pruned subsequently at 2–3 months intervals. No fertilizer
was applied but Leucaena loppings were incorporated as green leaf manure. Rust on beans was assessed at three growth stages in each season, using
the Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) scales. Microclimate was monitored in treatments, in 1994. Bean growth
and yield were also measured. Rust increased with increasing alley width and was less severe in bean rows adjacent to hedgerows.
Bean yield was highest in the treeless control plots and declined with decreasing alley width. Beans in 2 m alleys had significantly
lower (p < 0.05) yields than 8 m alleys and treeless control plots. Bean growth was greatly modified in 2 m alleys and close to hedgerows.
Light availability and diurnal temperature increased with alley width but relative humidity and leaf wetness duration decreased.
Proximity to hedgerows also had marked effect on microclimate. The changes in yield, rust incidence and severity were examined
in relation to microclimate, inoculum survival and dispersal. 相似文献
49.
A hedgerow intercropping study was conducted for 7 years in West Sumatra, Indonesia on an acid and highly Al-saturated soil to determine growth and yield responses of tree hedgerows and upland rice and cowpea intercrops. Three tree species,Paraserianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, andGliricidia sepium and a no-tree control were planted at three lime rates with low annual fertilizer inputs of 20 kg P and 50 kg K ha–1.Paraserianthes andCalliandra grew vigorously, whileGliricidia grew poorly and was replaced after four years withFlemingia macrophylla. After four years,Paraserianthes yields declined due to tree mortality, probably due to intensive pruning.Calliandra andFlemingia were well adapted to intensive pruning (4 to 6 times per year).
Gliricidia growth was especially limited by low soil Ca availability and high soil acid saturation.Calliandra andFlemingia yields increased with liming only in the last several years of the study whileParaserianthes did not respond to lime. The species can be tentatively ranked in response to lime as:Gliricidia > Calliandra > Flemingia > Paraserianthes. 相似文献
50.
Alley cropping of sorghum with Leucaena during the post-rainy season on Vertisols in semi-arid India
A field experiment was conducted for two years (1989– 1991) on a Vertisol in Bijapur, India in a split-plot design, replicated
four times, to evaluate the potential of alley cropping post-rainy season sorghum between Leucaena hedgerows. Leucaena produced
on average 2.74 t per ha of prunings and 1.57 t per ha of wood annually. Alley cropping decreased sorghum yields by 28 to
45% when all Leucaena prunings were removed from the system and by 21 to 24%, when on average 1.92 t per ha prunings were
applied to the soil annually. The reduction of sorghum yield increased as higher rates of N were applied to sorghum. Although
alley cropping increased organic carbon by 21% and available N by 19% at the time of crop sowing, it did not result in increased
crop yields because of competition for water between hedgerows and crops. Calculation of land equivalent ratios based on total
Leucaena biomass indicated that alley cropping was more productive than sole cropping of sorghum only in one year, and that,
too, when no N was applied to sorghum. Therefore, alley cropping of Vertisols with post-rainy season sorghum is not likely
to have any advantage in the short term.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献